Year |
Date |
Event |
1901 |
|
Ethical Policy is proclaimed.[45] |
1903 |
|
Aceh declared conquered.[45] |
1904 |
|
Van Heutz becomes Governor General.[45] Kartini established a school for women in Rembang, just like Dewi Sartika, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia. |
16 January |
Dewi Sartika established the first school for women in Dutch East Indies in Bandung, she was considered as the pioneer of women's rights in Indonesia. |
1906 |
|
The Dutch intervention in Bali (1906) destroyed the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan. |
1907 |
|
Tirto Adhi Suryo founds civil servants' association Sarekat Priyayi.[45] |
1908 |
|
Budi Utomo is proclaimed as the first official nationalist movement. During Dutch intervention in Bali (1908), the last Balinese rulers wiped out in puputan ('suicidal battle to death').[45] |
1911 |
|
Tirto Adhi Suryo founds the Islamic Traders' League.[45] |
1912 |
|
Islamic League (Sarekat Islam) becomes the first mass-based nationalist party.[45] |
18 November |
The modernist Islamic organization Muhammadiyah was established by Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta. |
1914 |
|
World War I breaks out; the Netherlands is a neutral country in the war.[45] |
1917 |
|
East Indies trade with Europe cut off by the war. Russian Revolution[45] |
1918 |
|
Tirto Adhi Suryo dies.[45] |
1920 |
|
Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) is founded. Economic downturn.[45] |
1925 |
|
Birth of Pramoedya Ananta Toer. A sharp rise in world commodity prices brings prosperity to the Indies.[45] |
1926 |
31 January |
Nahdlatul Ulama was established by Hasyim Asy'ari as the reaction to the modernist Muhammadiyah organization. |
1929 |
|
Great Depression in America.[45] affected the economy of Dutch East Indies. |
1930 |
|
Sukarno's famous nationalist speech, 'Indonesia Accuses', given as defence in his political trial.[47] |
1941 |
8 December |
Netherlands declared war on Japan.[48] |
1942 |
27 February |
Battle of the Java Sea, Imperial Japanese Navy defeated Allied force and sealed the fate of Netherlands East Indies, afterwards Imperial Japan occupies Indonesia during World War II, over throwing the Dutch East Indies and install their own imperial structure. |
1945 |
28 May |
First meeting of the Investigatory Commission for Indonesian Independence.[49] |
1 June |
Sukarno's Pancasila speech[49] |
16 July |
Draft of constitution for the Republic completed.[49] |
August |
Republican government established in Jakarta and constitution adopted. Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) established. |
August |
Euphoria of revolution spreads across the country, while local Japanese commanders and their troops often abandoned urban areas to avoid confrontation. Many discreetly allowed Indonesian youths to acquire arms. Republican youths take over infrastructure facilities in large Javan cities and mass pro-Republic rallies are held. (to September) |
15 August |
Japanese surrender to Allied powers.[47] |
17 August |
"Proclamation of Indonesian Independence," signed by Sukarno-Hatta.[47] |
3 November |
Vice President Hatta proclaims right of the people to form political parties. |
10 November |
Battle of Surabaya.[47] |
1946 |
|
Social revolutions, including the Three Regions (Tiga Daerah) Revolt.[47] |
|
Federal states, including the State of East Indonesia are set up by Dutch in the outer islands.[47] |
1947 |
25 March |
Linggadjati Agreement, first ceasfire.[47] |
20 July |
Major Dutch military offensive to resolve differences by force.[47] |
1948 |
|
Darul Islam rebellions begin in West Java, spread to other provinces but conclude with the execution of its leader Kartosoewiryo.[50] (to 1962) |
19 January |
Renville Agreement establishes the Van Mook line between Republican and Dutch held territories.[47] |
August |
Fall of Amir Syarifuddin government[47] largely from Renville Agreement fallout. |
18 September |
Madiun Affair: Communist leaders launch a revolt in Central Java in an attempt to take over the Revolution but are suppressed by Republican troops.[47] |
19 December |
Dutch undertake second military offensive capturing Republican capital at Yogyakarta and most of the Republican cabinet. Amir Syarifuddin executed by fleeing Republicans.[47] |
1949 |
February |
Tan Malaka executed by Republican Army.[47] |
1 August |
Official ceasefire.[47] |
December |
International pressure leads Netherlands Government to transfer power to the United States of Indonesia (RUSI) at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference.[47] |
1950 |
|
Military articulation of doctrines dwifungsi and hankamrata: a military role in sociopolitical development as well as security; a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces.[51] (to 1960) |
29 January |
General Sudirman, commander of Indonesia's armed forces, dies at 34 |
25 April |
The Republic of South Moluccas (RMS) is proclaimed in Ambon |
17 August |
Following RUSI endorsement of a new constitution, the federation is dissolved and Sukarno proclaims a unitary state, the 'Republic of Indonesia'.[47] |
6 September |
The first cabinet of the unitary state is established. It is led by Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir.[52] |
27 September |
Indonesia becomes the 60th member of the United Nations.[52] |
1951 |
21 March |
The Natsir cabinet falls[53] |
26 April |
The composition of the new cabinet is announced. The new Prime Minister is Dr. Sukiman Wirjosanjojo.[52] |
1952 |
25 February |
Amid bitter disputes over the signing of a Mutual Security Agreement with the US, the Sukiman cabinet resigns.[53] |
3 April |
The new cabinet, led by Prime Minister Wilopo is inaugurated.[52] |
17 October |
Army-organized demonstrations take place in Jakarta to demand the dissolution of the legislature. Tank guns and machine guns are trained on the presidential palace.[53] This leads to the suspension of General Nasution as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government.[50] |
1953 |
2 June |
The Wilopo cabinet resigns.[53] |
31 July |
After lengthy negotiations, the composition of the new cabinet is announced. Serving his first term as prime minister is Ali Sastroamidjojo.[53] |
1955 |
March |
Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi. (to August 1961) |
24 March |
The second cabinet to be led by Ali Sastroamidjojo takes office.[52] |
18 April |
The city of Bandung hosts the Asia-Africa Conference. It is the first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement and is attended by world leaders including China's Zhou Enlai, India's Nehru, Egypt's Nasser and Yugoslavia's Tito.[51] (to 25 April) |
24 July |
After a dispute with the Army over appointments, the cabinet resigns.[53] |
12 August |
Led by Prime Minister Burhanuddin Harahap, the new cabinet is sworn in.[52] |
29 September |
Indonesia holds general parliamentary elections;[47] the last free national elections until 1999; support for the parties is widely distributed with four parties each gaining 16-22 per cent and the remaining votes split between 24 parties.[51] |
15 December |
Elections are held for the Constitutional Assembly[53] |
1956 |
3 March |
The cabinet falls as a result of its policy toward the Dutch.[53] |
3 May |
Indonesia unilaterally abrogates the Round Table Agreement signed with the Dutch in 1949.[52] |
1 December |
Hatta resigns as vice-president.[52] |
1957 |
21 February |
President Sukarno announces his "Conception" (Konsepsi) of the nature of Indonesia. This will eventually lead to Guided Democracy[52][53] |
March |
Regional rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi.[51] (to August 1961) |
14 March |
Martial Law is proclaimed. On the same day, the cabinet resigns.[53] |
9 April |
Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with Djuanda as prime minister.[52] |
30 November |
An attempt is made to assassinate President Sukarno. Grenades are thrown at him as he visits a school in Cikini, Jakarta.[52] |
1958 |
18 May |
US Air Force pilot Allen Pope is shot down over Ambon, revealing covert American support of regional rebellions, and ends the Dulles brothers', Allen and John, failure to subvert the Sukarno government.[51] |
1959 |
5 July |
With armed forces support, Sukarno issues a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reintroducing the Constitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers, and assumes the additional role of Prime Minister, which completes the structure of 'Guided Democracy'.[51] |
10 July |
President Sukarno appoints a "Working Cabinet" with himself as prime minister.[54] |
1960 |
18 February |
President Sukarno reshuffles the cabinet and appoints the second "Working Cabinet".[54] |
9 March |
Second Lieutenant Daniel Alexander Maukar of the Indonesian Air Force uses a MiG-17 fighter to strafe the Presidential Palace in Jakarta, oil tanks at Tanjung Priok in North Jakarta and then the Bogor Palace.[52][55] |
24 June |
The House of Representatives-Mutual cooperation (DPR-GR), composed of members chosen by President Sukarno is established.[52] |
17 August |
Indonesia severs diplomatic links with the Netherlands in protest over its refusal to hand over Netherlands New Guinea.[52] |
30 September |
President Sukarno addresses the United Nations General Assembly.[52] |
1961 |
4 March |
An agreement is signed in Jakarta with the Soviet Union to buy arms with long term loans.[52] |
17 August |
Building officially starts on the Monas National Monument in the center of Jakarta.[52] |
1962 |
2 January |
The Mandala Command to "free" Western (Netherlands) New Guinea from the Dutch is established. Its commander is Brigadier general Suharto.[52] |
15 January |
Deputy chief of staff of the Indonesian Navy Commodore Yos Sudarso is killed in a Dutch air attack on the motor torpedo boat (MTB) force he is commanding.[52] |
8 March |
President Sukarno again reshuffles his cabinet.[54] |
15 August |
The New York Agreement, transferring Western New Guinea to Indonesia, is signed at the United Nations.[52] |
24 August |
Jakarta hosts the Fourth Asian Games.[52] (to 4 September) |
1963 |
|
Sole years of American Peace Corps program in Indonesia.[51] |
|
Sukarno leads the Konfrontasi campaign against the newly created Malaysia.[47][51] (to 1965) |
1 May |
Following pressure from the United Nations and the American government of President John F. Kennedy, the Netherlands yields Western New Guinea to temporary UN supervision.[52][51] |
18 May |
Parliament elects Sukarno 'President-for-life'.[51] |
27 July |
Sukarno declared Indonesian policy to oppose the creation of Malaysia which incorporate North Borneo, marking the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. |
18 September |
Following demonstrations in Jakarta to protest at the creation of Malaysia, the British Embassy is burned by a mob.[52] |
13 November |
President Sukarno conducts the final reshuffle of the "Working Cabinet".[52] |
1964 |
17 August |
During his Independence Day speech, Sukarno for the first time publicly denounces the United States, and over the following months an anti-American campaign attacked American interests. |
27 August |
President Sukarno appoints the Dwikora Cabinet |
1965 |
7 January |
Indonesia withdraws from membership of the UN.[51][56] |
14 January |
The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) calls for workers and peasants to be armed.[56] |
11 April |
The Third Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Bandung.[56] (to 16 April) |
26 May |
Foreign Minister Subandrio reports to President Sukarno the existence of the Gilchrist Document, a letter purporting to be from the British ambassador which discusses western military involvement in Indonesia.[56] |
30 September |
An abortive coup in Jakarta results in the murder of six army generals, and disposal of bodies at Lubang Buaya.[51] |
October |
A violent anti-communist purge leads to the killing of approximately 1/2 million Indonesians.[51] (to March 1966) |
1 October |
A counter coup led by General Suharto that leads to the Overthrow of Sukarno |
14 October |
President Sukarno appoints Major General Suharto Minister/Commander of the Army.[56] |
16 October |
The Jakarta Military Command temporarily suspends the activities of the PKI and its organizations in the Jakarta region.[56] |
13 December |
The rupiah is devalued by a factor of 1,000 in an effort to control inflation.[56] |
1966 |
10 January |
Anti-communist organizations grouped under the Pancasila Front issue the "Three Demands of the People" (Tritura), namely the dissolution of the PKI, the cleansing of the cabinet of elements involved in the 30 September Movement, and lower prices and economic improvements.[56] |
14 February |
The Extraordinary Military Court trials of people allegedly involved in the 30 September Movement begin.[56] |
24 February |
President Sukarno reshuffles his cabinet, creating what becomes known as the "cabinet of 100 ministers".[56] |
11 March |
General Suharto forces Sukarno to delegate presidential powers to himself by signing the Supersemar. The following day, Suharto dissolves the Indonesian Communist Party.[51][57] |
18 March |
A total of 14 cabinet ministers are taken into "protective custody".[56] |
2 May |
Following large-scale demonstrations, the leadership of the Mutual-Assistance House of Representatives (DPR-GR) is replaced.[56] |
20 June |
The Fourth Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly is held in Jakarta. It raises the status of the Supersemar into a decree, meaning Sukarno cannot revoke it, bans the PKI and its teachings and rejects Presidents Sukarno's accountability speech.[56] (to 5 July) |
11 August |
Indonesia and Malaysia agree to normalize diplomatic relations.[56] |
28 September |
Indonesia rejoins the United Nations.[56] |
1967 |
10 January |
New investment laws designed to bring in foreign capital are passed; restrictions are introduced regarding status of Indonesian Chinese, their names and their religions.[51][56] |
22 February |
In a ceremony at the presidential palace, Sukarno hands over authority to Suharto.[56] |
7 March |
A Special Session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly strips Sukarno of his powers and appoints Suharto acting president.[56] (to 12 March) |
8 August |
ASEAN established in Bangkok by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[58] |
1 October |
Diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China are suspended.[56] |
1968 |
|
Soedjatmoko is Indonesian ambassador to the United States; bilateral relations warm.[51] (to 1971) |
March |
Parliament confers full presidential title on Suharto; Sukarno is under effective house arrest.[51] |
1969 |
|
Papuan representatives agree to join Indonesia in the Act of Free Choice.[51] |
1970 |
|
Nurcholish Madjid, a young Muslim modernist, begins to lay out religious developmental principles for Indonesia—'Islam, yes; Islamic party, no'.[51] |
21 June |
Sukarno dies.[57] He is buried at Blitar, East Java.[51] |
1971 |
|
Suharto's wife inspired by a visit to Disneyland, conceives a national cultural theme park.[59] |
3 July |
Indonesia's second parliamentary election and the first under the New Order is held. Golkar wins an outright majority.[56] |
1973 |
|
Government forces fusion of political parties; Nationalist and Christian parties are merged into the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and Muslim parties into the United Development Party (PPP). The new three party system is dominated by Golkar.[59] |
1974 |
|
The 'Malari' uprising in Jakarta against Japanese penetration of the economy, Chinese Indonesian influence, and official corruption.[59] |
1975 |
April |
Mrs Suharto dedicates the vast 'Beautiful Indonesia-in-Miniature Park' (Taman Mini) on the outskirts of Jakarta.[59] |
April |
Civil war breaks out in the former Portuguese colony of East Timor.[59] |
6 December |
U.S. President Gerald Ford and Secretary of State Kissinger, returning from China, make a hastily rescheduled one-day visit to Jakarta.[59] |
7 December |
Indonesia launches an invasion of East Timor.[57] |
1976 |
March |
General Ibnu Sutowo is 'dismissed with honour' after a decade as head of Pertamina, the state oil corporation.[59] |
8 July |
Palapa A1, Indonesia's first communication satellite launched from Cape Canaveral.[60] |
17 July |
Suharto signs a bill integrating East Timor into Indonesia as its 27th province.[59] |
19 November |
UN General Assembly rejects Indonesia's annexation of East Timor.[59] |
1977 |
|
The United States surpasses Japan as Indonesia's biggest oil customer.[59] |
October |
Sawito Kartowibowo's trial for 'subversion' begins.[59] |
1978 |
|
The People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) elevates Pancasila to the status of compulsory moral education of youth and government officials.[59] Suharto appoints B.J. Habibie as state minister for research and technology.[59] |
22 February |
Suharto inaugurated Istiqlal Mosque, the Indonesian national mosque.[61] |
1979 |
21 September |
Jakarta host the 10th SEA Games, it was the first time Indonesia host Southeast Asian Games. (to 30 September) |
December |
Writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer is released after fourteen years imprisonment with hard labour on Buru Island.[59] |
1980 |
May |
The Petition of Fifty—a statement of concern to parliament about the use of government power, propaganda, and presidential personality cult—is begun.[59] |
1982 |
|
The height of Petrus ('mysterious shootings') of thousands of suspected criminals by government security forces.[57][59] (to 1983) |
1983 |
|
Prabowo Subianto, then a major in ABRI marries Suharto's daughter Titiek at Taman Mini.[59] |
1984 |
12 September |
Muslim concerned protesting over alleged insensitivities to Islam at Tanjung Priok; a riot ensues resulting in many deaths. Clamp down on Islamic political leaders.[57] |
December |
Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) is elected chairman of Nahdlatul Ulama a position previously held by both his father and grandfather.[59] |
1985 |
|
The Indonesian government require all organisations of any kind to adopt Pancasila as their sole basis.[59] |
1987 |
|
Sukarno's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri becomes a member of parliament; Suharto prohibits display of images of Sukarno although they appear frequently nonetheless.[62] |
9 September |
Jakarta host the 14th SEA Games. (to 20 September) |
1988 |
|
Suharto is elected to a fifth term as president.,[62] Lilies Handayani, Nurfitriyana Saiman and Kusuma Wardhani won Indonesia's first medal in Olympic Games, a silver medal for women's team archery in 1988 Summer Olympics Seoul. |
1989 |
|
The Free Aceh Movement (GAM) reemerges following its 1976 founding; suppression of its guerilla activities leads to 2,000 deaths by 1991 in Aceh.[62] |
1991 |
|
Indonesia wins presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement.[62] |
12 November |
ABRI troops fire on demonstrative funeral procession in Dili, East Timor. TV images of the killings put East Timor high on the international human rights agenda.[62] |
1992 |
|
Suharto successfully defies Dutch efforts to link human rights to aid administerd since 1967 by the International Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI).[62] Susi Susanti won Indonesia's first Olympic gold medal in 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.[63] |
|
East Timorese resistance leader Xanana Gusmão is captured by Prabowo and is tried and sentenced.[62] (to 1993) |
1993 |
|
Suharto seeks a sixth term and is easily re-elected.[62] |
1994 |
June |
Suharto shuts down Tempo and two other publications for critical reporting of Habibie’s purchase of the former East German navy.[62] |
1996 |
|
The Free Papua Movement (OPM) kidnaps fourteen scientists and foresters in Iran Jaya garnering international attention. After four months, the abductees are rescued in a bloody operation led by Prabowo.[62] |
April |
Ibu Tien Suharto, the president’s wife of 48 years, dies of a heart attack.[62] |
July |
Military-backed thugs burst into headquarters of PDI, Megawati's party, and evict her supporters in a violent climax to government efforts to vitiate her party’s popularity.[62] |
1997 |
|
Severe social unrest breaks out across Indonesian cities against Chinese Indonesians, Christians, symbols of wealth, the police and bureaucracy.[62] (to 1998) |
February |
Alarmed at a dukun's prediction that 'the nail of Java has come loose', Suharto commands a massive Ruwat Dunia ceremony ('Cleansing of the world') near Borobudur.[62] |
June |
Pacific Ocean trade winds shift heralding the onset of the El Niño; severe drought across much of Indonesia follows in the ensuing months accompanied by highly destructive forest fires.[62] |
July |
The collapse of the Thai baht starts the East Asian financial crisis and over the ensuing months Indonesia is the country hardest hit.[62] |
11 October |
Jakarta host the 19th SEA Games. (to 19 October) |
1998 |
March |
Largely peaceful student demonstrations against the regime rise to national prominence.[64] |
11 March |
Suharto unanimously elected by the MPR to his seventh presidential term.[64] |
12 May |
Four student demonstrators at Trisakti University are shot dead by bullets unproven but thought likely to have been from army sources.[64] |
13 May |
Memorial services for killed students leads to vandalism, arson, looting and rape by roving mobs which continue unchecked by security forces for two days leaving 1,200 dead.[64] |
20 May |
For National Awakening Day, Amien Rais pledges to bring a million protestors into the streets to demonstrate against at the National Monument in Jakarta. Faced with barbed wire and massed troops he calls off the rally fearing bloodshed.[64] |
21 May |
After being deserted by his cabinet, Suharto resigns the presidency. Habibie assumes presidency.[64] |
August |
General Wiranto announces the discharge of Lieutenant General Prabowo from active duty, with full pension benefits—and without court-martial for allegations of abduction and torture of student activist (some of whom remain missing as of 2003).[64] |
10 November |
Megawati, Rais, and the sultan of Yogya, meet at Wahid's home in Ciganjur, and issue a series of statements including a demand for the military to end their role in politics within six years.[64] |
13 November |
On the last day of the MPR sessions, soldiers open fire on demonstrating students killing at least fifteen and injuring hundreds.[64] |
1999 |
19 January |
An petty argument between in the city of Ambon triggers Christian-Muslim clashes that last for three years across Maluku. As many as 10,000 are killed and 700,000 or one third of the region are displaced.[64] |
7 June |
Indonesia's first free and fair national elections since 1955 take place with almost no disruption and wide participation. Votes however are distributed across forty-eight parties with no party achieving a majority.[64] |
September |
East Timor votes to secede from Indonesia in a referendum conducted under UN auspices. Four-fifths of voters choose independence for East Timor over integration with Indonesia. Pro-integration militias trained and paid by ABRI immediately resort to a scorched earth policy that leaves 1,000 dead and most of the territory's infrastructure ruined.[64] |
13 September |
President Habibie relents to international pressure and allows a UN peacekeeping force known as 'INTERFET' to enter East Timor and restore order.[64] |
October |
The Indonesian parliament rejects President Habibie's accountability speech. Wahid whose party received one eighth of the popular vote is elected president by the MPR. Megawati whose party received one third of the vote (the highest) is elected vice president.[65] |
2000 |
|
President Wahid's administration is marred by failures to stabilise the economy, patterns of political favouritism, economic corruption (although Wahid himself is not accused of corruption), inability to reform the military, personal eccentricity and pettiness, ineffectiveness in dealing with major religious violence in Maluku and Sulawesi, major ethnic violence (Dayaks vs. Madurese) in Kalimantan, and separatisms in Aceh and Irian Jaya.[65] |
24 December |
In a coordinated attack involving more than three dozen sites across the country, churches are bombed and eighteen people killed. It is later proven to have been planned by Jemaah Islamiyah in retaliation for Christian killings of Muslims in the Maluku conflict.[65] |